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Acetylation of Ferrocene
In this lab we will be utilizing the Friedel Crafts process of acetylation of ferrocene. Ferrocene is an atom of iron bounded by two aromatic rings. We will use some reagents that will cause the ferrocene to add either one acetyl group to an aromatic ring or add two acetyl groups to each of the aromatic rings. In order to determine how well this process had worked we employed: IR spectra analysis, column chromatography, and a little TLC. This experiment is relevant in today's highly industrialized world. By utilizing many of the techniques we employ in this lab, a company can synthesize new types of materials or composites that could revolutionize an industry.
Read whole term paperAcid base Extraction
The purpose of this laboratory assignment was two-fold, first, we were to demonstrate the extraction of acids and bases, finally, determining what unknowns were present. Second, we were to extract caffeine from tea. These two assignment will be documented in two separate entities.
Read whole term paperAcid-Base Titration
The objective of this experiment were: a) to review the concept of simple acid-base reactions; b) to review the stoichiometric calculations involved in chemical reactions; c) to review the basic lab procedure of a titration and introduce the student to the concept of a primary standard and the process of standardization; d) to review the calculations involving chemical solutions; e) to help the student improve his/her lab technique.
Read whole term paperAerosol Spray Can
Spray cans produce an aerosol, the technical term for a very fine spray. They do this by means of a pressurized propellant, which is a liquid that boils at everyday temperatures. Inside the can, a layer of gaseous pressure increased, and eventually it becomes so high that boiling stops. when the nozzle is pressed, the gas pressure forces the product up the tube in the can and out of the nozzle in a spray or foam.
Read whole term paperAnalytical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry is the branch of chemistry principally concerned with determining the chemical composition of materials, which may be solids, liquids, gases, pure elements, compounds, or complex mixtures. In addition, chemical analysis can characterize materials but determining their molecular structures and measuring such physical properties as pH, color, and solubility. Wet analysis involves the studying of substances that have been submerged in a solution and microanalysis uses substances in very small amounts.
Read whole term paperAristotle
One of the greatest thinkers of all time was Aristotle-322 BC, the Ancient Greek philosopher. He has practically influenced every area of present day thinking. His main focal points were the natural and social sciences. In Stagira, a town on the northwest coast of the Aegean Sea, in the year of 384 BC Aristotle was introduced to the world. He grew up a wealthy boy. His father was friends with the noble king of Macedonia, and as a young man he spent the majority of his time at the Macedonian court. At the age of seventeen, he was sent away to study in Athens. It was there that he transformed to a disciple of Plato. Over time, Aristotle became the "mind of the school". Later in his life, he followed his mentor and became a teacher in a school on the coast of Asia minor. Aristotle was the professor of young prince Alexander, who went on to become the ruler Alexander the Great.
Read whole term paperAsimov on chemistry
The Book Asimov on Chemistry by Isaac Asimov is a collection of seventeen essays that he wrote for The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. This book is one of ten that were published by Doubleday & Company, Inc. Not all of the books centered on chemistry and like science. Most just covered anything Isaac Asimov wondered about. These Essays date back quite aways with a range from January 1959 to April 1966.
Read whole term paperAsymmetric Epoxidation of Dihydronaphthalene with a Synthesized Jacobsen's Catalyst
In 1990, professor E.N. Jacobsen reported that chiral manganese complexes had the ability to catalyze the asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized alkenes, providing enantiomeric excesses that regularly reaching 90% and sometimes exceeding 98% . The chiral manganese complex Jacobsen utilized was [(R,R)-N,N'-Bis(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-1,2-cyclohexanediaminato-(2-)]-manganese (III) chloride (Jacobsen's Catalyst).
Read whole term paperATOM
Hey kids! Today I'm going to introduce you to the world of atoms. Atoms are little things that you or anybody else have ever seen. Make up things like trees, cars, paper, even you. So let's shrink down to size and see what it's like.
Read whole term paperHistorical Development of Atomic Structure
The idea behind the "atom" goes back to the Ancient Greek society, where scientists believed that all matter was made of smaller, more fundamental particles called elements. They called these particles atoms, meaning "not divisible." Then came the chemists and physicists of the 16th and 17th centuries who discovered various formulae of various salts and water, hence discovering the idea of a molecule.
Read whole term paperBunsen Burner
In class on Monday. We learn how to use a Bunsen burner. We had to tell what was the hottest and coolest part of the flame. When we finish that. We had to take a wire and go up and down in the flame to see what was the hottest part of the flame. After we did that, we had to take a evaporating dish, and put it into the flame and see what would be collected on the dish.
Read whole term paperCatalytic Converter
Notice when a vehicle drives by nowadays, that it is so much quieter than those loud oldies that pour out the blue smoke. Ever wonder just what is underneath a vehicle that makes the new ones so much cleaner. It is called a catalytic converter. The main function of a catalytic converter is to decrease pollution emitted from a vehicles exhaust. The concept behind this is to add a catalyst and force a reaction between the automobile's exhaust and oxygen in the converter. To see just how this happens let's look inside of a catalytic converter.
Read whole term paperChloroFlouroCarbons
Chloroflourocarbons were discovered in the 1920’s by Thomas Midgley, an organic chemist at General Motors Corporation. He was looking for inert, non-toxic, non-flammable compounds with low boiling points that could be used as refrigerants. He found what he was looking for in the form of two compounds: dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12) and trichloromonoflouromethane (CFC-11). In both compounds, different amounts of chlorine and fluorine are combined with methane, which is a combination of carbon and hydrogen.
Read whole term paperBecoming a chemist
Becoming a chemist takes a lot of hard work and discipline. One very important aspect of being a chemist is English, Communication is of the utter most importance (Murphy). As well as having good communication skills, you also need a lot of patience. However, there are many other qualities you will need such as an excellent learning ability and mathematical skills. You will also need to be able to perceive concepts or objects.
Once you get into college you need to know what kind of degree to get in order to have a fulfilling and successful career. For most entry level jobs a BS degree is sufficient. However, for a college teaching job a Ph.D. is required (Choices).
Read whole term paperCHEMISTRY
I am chemistry. I am mysterious and mature, malodorous, yet vivacious. I am a heaving search for answers to all kinds of interesting questions. I am extremely broad, that I overlap with all the other natural sciences. I am the fundamental unit of matter-the atom-only to be seen by the utmost effective microscope. I prosper in the dashing, fiery flames in a fragile glass beaker over a bunsen burner and develope powerful rocket fuels. I am
a clamorous explosion of two flammable chemicals intermixed in a laboratory. I am liquid flowing from one tube to another, "volumous" gas, and clustered solids.
Read whole term paperChevron
Chevron is the second largest producer of oil in the Gulf of Mexico. It is the third largest producer of oil in the United States and 24 other countries. Their production worldwide has been quoted as 1.4 million barrels of oil and gas a day. Chevron's products are transported over land by pipeline and tankers, and over water by barges.
Read whole term paperChlorine
Chlorine is (at room temperature) a greenish-yellow gas that can be readily liquefied at 5170 Tarr or 6.8 atmospheres, at 20 C (68 F), and has a very disagreeable odor. It’s Element Symbol is Cl, atomic number is 17, and atomic mass is 35.453. Chlorine’s melting point is -101 C or 149.8 F. The boiling point is -34.05 C or -29.29 F, at one atmosphere pressure. Chlorine is a member of the halogen group. Chlorine was discovered by Swedish scientist Karl Wilhelm in 1784, but he first thought it was a compound, rather than an element. In 1810, Sir Humphrey Davy named it Chlorine, from the Greek word meaning "greenish-yellow".
Read whole term paperCobalt
My report is about the element Cobalt. Cobalt is the 27th element on the periodical table and has an atomic number of twenty-seven. It has a symbol of Co. Cobalt¹s atomic weight is 58.9332. It has a melting point of 1,490š C. and a boiling point of 2,900š C. Cobalt looks almost exactly like iron and nickel. Cobalt is between iron and nickel on the periodical table and found in only .001-.002 percent of the earth¹s crust.
Read whole term paperThe Study of Akali Metal Contamination in Road Side Soil
Six soil samples were taken from a roadside that was expected to exhibit characteristic of road salt contamination. This contamination is characterized by the presence of magnesium, calcium and sodium. The relationship between akali metal concentration and distance from the pavement was examined and determined to be nonexistent. Additionally, atomic absorbtion and atomic emission spectroscopy were compared and and atomic absorbtion was found to be 1.89 times as sensitive as atomic emission.
Read whole term paperCopper Report
Copper is a mineral. it is not a plant or a animal. Copper is a metallic metal. It can never be broken down into differnet substances by normal chemical means. Copper was one of the first metals known to humans. People liked it because in it’s native condition, it could easily be beaten into weapons or tools. Copper has been one of the most useful metals for over 5000 years.
Read whole term paperDecomposition
In this lab we will observe the products of decomposition of potassium perchlorate (KClO4). We will then predict from our results the correct chemical reaction equation.
Read whole term paperDesign of Structures in respect to heat efficiency
Heat efficiency in any architectural design is always a topic that must be addressed. Without this key element, structures would be totally inefficient to heat, not to mention extremely expensive. In order to design a heat efficient building you must first understand where heat is lost or where cold air enters the structure in question. My research will first be to determine what materials are best for insulation and which materials are not. Second, I will try to find where heat is most likely to escape in a structure by researching efficient designs. This, in turn, will provide information to where it is necessary to add more insulation to a particular structure.
Read whole term paperDetermining the Ratio of Circumference to Diameter of a Circle
In determining the ratio of the circumference to the diameter I began by measuring the diameter of one of the si objects which contained circles, then using a string, I wrapped the string around the circle and compared the length of the string, which measured the circumference, to a meter stick. With this method I measured all of the six circles. After I had this data, I went back and rechecked the circumference with a tape measure, which allowed me to make a more accurate measure of the objects circumferences by taking away some of the error that mymethod of using a string created.
Read whole term paperThe Discovery Of The Electron
The electron was discovered in 1895 by J.J. Thomson in the form of cathode rays, and was the first elementary particle to be identified. The electron is the lightest known particle which possesses an electric charge. Its rest mass is Me <approximately equal> 9.1 x 10 -28 g, about 1/1836 of the mass of the proton or neutron.
Read whole term paperDNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid are two chemical substances involved in transmitting genetic information from parent to offspring. It was known early into the 20th century that chromosomes, the genetic material of cells, contained DNA. In 1944, Oswald T. Avery, Colin M. MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty concluded that DNA was the basic genetic component of chromosomes. Later, RNA would be proven to regulate protein synthesis. (Miller, 139)
Read whole term paperDo Cleaning Chemicals Clean as Well After they have been frozen
The researcher is trying to determine whether or not cleaning materials will clean as well if they have been frozen solid and subsequently thawed out until they have returned to a liquid state of matter.
Read whole term paperEthical Procedures and Guidelines Defining Pschycological Research
Psychological research is often a very controversial subject among experts. Many people feel that there are many moral standards that are often not followed. Others may believe that there is much harmful misinformation that can often be harmful to subject and others. Still others believe that psychology is a lot of theories without any reinforcing information. Whether any of these assumptions may be true or not, there have been guidelines created which serve to silence many critics of the science. These guidelines make research safe and structured, which will protect the subjects from unnecessary harm.
Read whole term paperExpansion on the Recent Discoveries Concerning Nitric Oxide
Nitric Oxide, or NO, its chemical representation, was until recently not considered to be of any benefit to the life processes of animals, much less human beings. However, studies have proven that this simple compound had an abundance of uses in the body, ranging from the nervous system to the reproductive system. Its many uses are still being explored, and it is hoped that it can play an active role in the cures for certain types of cancers and tumors that form in the brain and other parts of the body.
Read whole term paperFiltration Plant
The Frank J. horgan Filtration Plant is located Southeast of Toronto on the shores of Lake Ontario (See map). Its purpose is to provide safe drinking water to our taps by filtering the water. The water is gathered from Lake Ontario. This plant has a production capacity of 455 million litres per day to supply the residents of Toronto with drinking water. Its average production of drinking water is 355 million litres per day. It is also the newest filtration plant in Toronto.
Read whole term paperFission or Fusion
First, the energy per fission is very large. In practical units, the fission of 1 kg (2.2 lb) of uranium-235 releases 18.7 million kilowatt-hours as heat. Second, the fission process initiated by the absorption of one neutron in uranium-235 releases about 2.5 neutrons, on the average, from the split nuclei. The neutrons released in this manner quickly cause the fission of two more atoms, thereby releasing four or more additional neutrons and initiating a self-sustaining series of nuclear fissions, or a chain reaction, which results in continuous release of nuclear energy.
Read whole term paperCrash Course in Density
As flight 143, a twin engine 767, was passing over Red Lake on its was to Edmonton, Canada, the left front fuel pump warning light went on. There were a few possibilities for this to happen, such as the fuel pump failing, a fuel line clogging, or a empty fuel tank. The former two were easily dealt with, since the plane could fly without one fuel pump. However, the last possibility was horrifying. After a few minutes, the second fuel pump in the left wing began to blare. It would be too much of a coincidence for two fuel pumps to independently fail, or two fuel lines to independently clog, so it was apparent that the left tank was out of fuel.
Read whole term paperFluoridation
In 1931 at the University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station M. C. Smith, E. M. Lantz, and H. V. Smith discovered that when given drinking water supplied with fluorine, rats would develop tooth defects. Further testing by H. T. Dean and E. Elove of the United States Public Health Service confirmed this report, and stated that what is known as mottled tooth. Mottled tooth is a condition in which white spots develop on the back
teeth. Gradually the white spots get darker and darker until the tooth is eroded completely. This was believed to be caused by fluorine in drinking water (Behrman pg. 181).
Read whole term paperFossil Fuels
Our society has become dependent on fossil fuels for energy. That seems fine for now considering the fact that everyone is generally happy in the present situation. Fossil fuels are relatively inexpensive and seem to be doing the trick right now. Using fossil fuels arise such issues as global warming, rising costs of scarce resources, and shortages of raw materials. None of these problems will draw full attention until the demand is needed,
it’s the old supply and demand scenario. Although my opinion may seem pessimistic if you look at past events it points to the supply and demand scenario.
Read whole term paperFreezing Point of Naphthalene
To determine the freezing point of a known substance, naphthalene
Read whole term paperGallium
Gallium, atomic number 31, is very similar to aluminum in its chemical properties. It does not dissolve in nitric acid because of the protective film of gallium oxide that is formed over the surface by the action of the acid. Gallium does however dissolve in other acids, and alkalies.
Read whole term paperGEOTHERMAL ENERGY
The human population is currently using up its fossil fuel supplies at staggering rates. Before long we will be forced to turn somewhere else for energy. There are many possibilities such as hydroelectric energy, nuclear energy, wind energy, solar energy and geothermal energy to name a few. Each one of these choices has its pros and cons. Hydroelectric power tends to upset the ecosystems in rivers and lakes. It affects the fish and wild life population. Nuclear energy is a very controversial subject. Although it produces high quantities of power with relative efficiency, it is very hard to dispose of the waste. While wind and solar power have no waste products, they require enormous amounts of land to produce any large amounts of energy. I believe that geothermal energy may be an alternative source of energy in the future. There are many things that we must take into consideration before geothermal energy can be a possibility for a human resource. I will be discussing some of these issues, questions, and problems.
Read whole term paper"How is Helium produced?"
Production: Although Helium is one of the most common elements in the universe it is a rare gas on earth. It exists in the atmosphere in such small quantities (less than five parts per million) that recovering it
from the air is uneconomical. Helium is produced as a by-product of the refining of natural gas, which is carried out on a commercial scale in the USA and Poland. In these areas natural gas contains a relatively high
concentration of Helium which has accumulated as a result of radioactive decay of heavy elements within the earth's crust. Helium is supplied to distribution centres throughout the world in liquid form in large cryogenic
containers. The Helium is filled into liquid containers, gas cylinders and cylinder packs as necessary.
Read whole term paperIdeal gas vs. Real gas
An ideal gas is a theoretical gas which perfectly fits into the equation PV= nRT . An ideal gas is different from a real gas in many ways. An ideal gases' mass can be disregarded in the equation because it has none; this is because an ideal gas is said to be a particle and particles do not have any mass. Ideal gases obtain no volume unlike real gases which obtain small volumes.
Read whole term paperInsulation
The experimenter is testing on denim, cotton T-shirt material, wool fabric, thermal underwear, polyester fabric, and a Ziplock bag with no insulator. From research the experimenter learned that wool is a fine soft wavy hair that forms all or part of the protective coat of a sheep. Since ancient times it was harvested to provide clothing and is an important part in textile trade because of its insulation. Woolen fabric is when the woolen system uses short or mixed long and short fiber where no combing is done. It has a rough appearance and is most suitable
for blankets, overcoats, and tweeds. Denim which the experimenter is also testing is the material used to make blue jeans and is currently one of the world's most popular fabrics. It is fairly heavy and is made with a blue cotton warp and a white cotton filling (Groilers, 1996). The thermal underwear is duofold, with an
outer layer made of 65% cotton, 25% wool, and 10% nylon, and an inner layer made of 100% cotton.
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